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关于房地产抵押若干问题的思考/何宁湘

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关于房地产抵押若干问题的思考

四川精济律师事务所 何宁湘律师


关键字:房屋产权 土地使用权 抵押权 抵押登记 行政行为
主题语:房地产是房产和地产的统称,房地产也是两个基本形式的不动产。在我国的物权法未出台的现行民法制度的法律状态之下,房地产法律关系,通常是指房屋所有权与土地使用权法律关系。基于房屋和土地的不能移动性,故房地产抵押也具有不可分离的特性,而实际在房地产抵押设定过程与所产生法律后果中存在着若干法律问题。

  前面的话
房地产抵押,是指抵押人以其合法的房地产以不转移占有的方式向抵押权人提供债务履行担保的行为。房地产属于不动产,设定房地产抵押权时,需依法履行抵押登记的法律行为,因此,房地产的抵押担保方式在现实生活中也极为普遍,随之而来产生的抵押纠纷也相当多。对于抵押设定所生产的诸多法律关系与之对应的法律后果,所映射出的我国现行法律的相关问题,以及纠纷的避免与处理也必须充分重视与研究。

  一、房地产抵押的法律原则及相关问题
  这里讨论的是房产与地产抵押时所具有的共性法律原则,及其主要相关的问题。
  1、房与地的相依性原则:
  在房地产开发中,土地使用者都是因自己所有或者使用的房屋才获得利用房屋范围内土地,离开了土地的建筑物(及其附着物)只能是空中楼阁。因此,房屋产权的取得,必须建立在已经依法取得土地使用权的基础上。抵押人对自己的房屋产权或土地使用权中的任一种权利的处分,往往会涉及到另一种权利的变动。
  正是由于土地使用权和房屋产权之间存在着这样的依附与相依关系,我国法律、法规对单独以房屋或土地使用权抵押的行为,一向采取“房随地走”和“地随房走”的双向原则,并一直规定为:“土地使用权抵押时,其地上建筑物,其他附着物随之抵押。土地上建筑物、其他附着物抵押时,其使用范围内的土地使用权随之抵押。”但在房地产开发领域的实际抵押设定中,将房屋产权和土地使用权分别进行抵押的行为比比皆是,不论是开发商、债权人、还是房地产行政管理机关、国土资源管理机关均对此行为“认同”,他们并不认为这样的行为是对“房随地走”和“地随房走”原则相悖,而是理所当然而为之。违背了土地使用权和房屋产权之间存在的相依关系原则,违反了法律、法规的规定的抵押行为显然是无效行为。
  在实际中,对房屋产权与土地使用权分离设定抵押的行为一般表现为两种形式:一是,将房地产因不同的债务需要分别设置两个独立的抵押,此时的抵押设定可能是同时设定,也可能是分期设定。所设定的抵押权人可能是同一的,也可能是两个抵押权人。二是,根据一项债务需要,同时将房屋产权与土地使用权分别抵押给两个以上的债权人。这种违背土地使用权和房屋产权之间存在的相依关系的抵押行为之所以在现实经济活动中大量生产,其原因虽与抵押人、抵押权人的内心动机分不开,而我国土地使用权和房屋产权抵押登记机关设置分离是其根本原因所在。
  应当注意的是:根据“房随地走”和“地随房走”这一相依关系原则,在抵押当事人对房屋产权或土地使用权抵押中的一种权利的处分时,即撤销抵押以及撤销抵押登记时,另一种权利的抵押也将随之撤销。

  2、抵押权与房地产转让之间的法律原则:
  我国《担保法》第四十九条规定:
  抵押期间,抵押人转让已办理登记的抵押物的,应当通知抵押权人并告知受让人转让物已经抵押的情况;抵押人未通知抵押权人或者未告知受让人的,转让行为无效。
  转让抵押物的价款明显低于其价值的,抵押权人可以要求抵押人提供相应的担保;抵押人不提供的,不得转让抵押物。
  抵押人转让抵押物所得的价款,应当向抵押权人提前清偿所担保的债权或者向与抵押权人约定的第三人提存。超过债权数额的部分,归抵押人所有,不足部分由债务人清偿。
  因此,受让(购买)抵押房地产一定要谨慎和仔细审查,以避免得到的是无效转让的房地产。
  3、法定抵押登记担保期限的原则:
  《担保法》公布施行快十年了,担保抵押设定的当事人现已完全接受与认同了“抵押不登记无效”的我国法律实行的强制登记制度。但对于登记担保期限仍没有明确的认识。本身对于“抵押当事人能否自行约定抵押期限”这一问题,在法律上没有明确的规定,在学理上也存在多种不同的理论观点,一种观点认为:抵押合同当事人自行约定的抵押期限是有效的。因为尽管抵押权为物权,但是抵押合同仍然可以适用合同法的合同自由原则,应贯彻尊重当事人的自主、自愿的原则。如果当事人约定了抵押期限,视为抵押权人接受了对抵押权的期限限制,抵押权人只能在该期限内实现抵押权,更何况我国法律并未明令禁止当事人自行约定抵押期限的行为,所以这种约定并不违反强制性法律规定,应当是合法有效的。尽管物权中的所有权具有无期限性,但并不排除其他物权的有期限性,以所谓物权的无期限性作为拒绝承认抵押权的期限的理由是不成立的。也有学者认为,我国《担保法》第25条明确规定:“一般保证的保证人与债权人未约定保证期间的,保证期间为主债务履行期满之日起6个月。”既然法律允许保证合同的当事人约定保证期限,而且在当事人未约定的情况下,应当适用法定期限,那么也应当允许抵押合同当事人在抵押合同中约定抵押期限。另一种观点则认为,抵押合同是附属于主合同的从合同,如果主合同未能得到清偿,主合同并未终止,主债权人的债权仍然是有效的,这样附属于主债权的抵押权也仍然有效,抵押权人仍然有权向抵押人主张权利,而抵押人不能被免除担保责任。因为抵押权在本质上属于物权,并从属于主债权,只要主债权存在,抵押权也就同时存在。也有人认为,当事人约定抵押期限实际上是约定免责条款,这种免责条款的约定,目的在于限制和免除抵押人的担保责任,所以这种约定应当是无效的。最高人民法院《关于适用若干问题的解释》实质上是接受了最后一种观点。
  而王利民先生认为:“完全禁止当事人设定抵押期限,认为当事人自由约定的抵押期限条款完全无效的观点并不十分妥当。主要理由在于:其一,我国《担保法》中不仅没有明文禁止当事人约定抵押期限,而且该法第39条规定的抵押合同的内容允许当事人可以约定“当事人认为需要约定的其他事项”。这种立法表述实际上是允许当事人约定抵押期限,只要当事人认为这种期限的约定符合其利益并予以约定,那么只要这种约定没有损害社会和他人的利益,法律就应当予以认可。其二,尽管抵押权是一种物权,必须要法定化,但是抵押权必须通过当事人的约定才能产生,抵押权只有通过当事人的约定,并通过完成一定的公示要件才能设立。抵押权作为一种他物权,本身就具有期限限制,内在的本质要求它只能在一定期限内存在。当事人自行约定抵押期限,并且在登记中做出了记载,实际上是限定抵押权的存续期限的一种方式,这种约定符合抵押权作为一种有期物权的性质。其三,还需要明确的是,虽然抵押合同是附属于主合同的从合同,抵押权在本质上是从属于主债权的他物权,但是无论主合同还是从合同都是当事人合意的结果,当事人完全有权利在合同中约定从合同所设定的权利的存续期间。抵押权在债务没有清偿前就消灭,并没有否认抵押权的从属性,因为抵押权的从属性强调的是抵押权不能与主债权分离而独立存在,并不意味着抵押权不可以在主债权得到清偿以前发生消灭。事实上,在主债权没有被清偿以前,也可以因为抵押权人抛弃抵押权等原因而导致抵押权消灭,但抵押权消灭并不影响主债权的存在。”[1]
  但是,最高人民法院《关于适用若干问题的解释》第十二条第一款规定:当事人约定的或者登记部门要求登记的担保期间,对担保物权的存续不具有法律约束力。也就是说,担保期限只有法律规定,不允许当事人约定。也不允许登记机关规定。

  4、房地产抵押纠纷民事诉讼与行政诉讼的适用原则:
  房地产抵押行为一般会经历签订抵押合同和进行抵押登记两个程序,而在抵押设定成立后,房屋与土地均要使用或处分,随之便产生若干因抵押所致的诸多法律关系与法律纠纷,由于签订抵押合同是民事法律行为,而抵押登记,作为抵押当事人只是一个抵押生效所必须履行的一个法律手续,而对于登记机关却是一个具体的行政行为,即抵押设定的公示。出现涉及抵押的效力这样的纠纷,抵押当事人便会遇到应采用民事诉讼还是行政诉讼来处理这样一个问题。
  根据《最高人民法院关于房地产案件受理问题的通知》(1992年11月25日法发[1992]38号)“一、凡公民之间、法人之间、其他组织之间以及他们相互之间因房地产方面的权益发生争执而提起的民事诉讼,由讼争的房地产所在地人民法院的民事审判庭依法受理。二、公民、法人和其他组织对人民政府或者其主管部门就有关土地的所有权或者使用权归属的处理决定不服,或对人民政府或者其主管部门就房地产问题作出的行政处罚决定不服,依法向人民法院提起的行政诉讼,由房地产所在地人民法院的行政审判庭依法受理。”规定的原则,对于民事权益的纠纷应提起民事诉讼,而涉及行政机关的具体行政行为的应当提起行政诉讼。
  对于抵押而产生民事权利纠纷与抵押登记行为混合在一起的纠纷,例如当事人认为某项抵押因侵权行为而导致抵押行为无效,而通过民事诉讼虽可认定抵押行为无效而人民法院民事判决却无法解决抵押登记行为的撤销与否,是提起民事诉讼,还是行政诉讼,这要根据案件性质,如何合法、有效解除无效民事行为的法律妨碍来确定。一般原则是先民事后行政的原则加以处理,即先提起民事诉讼确认抵押行为无效、再提起行政诉讼撤销抵押登记行为。
  需要指出的是,(1)、如果抵押行为无效,而抵押登记行为合法。而人民法院作出的认定抵押有效与否的判决的效力却无法作用于所作抵押登记具体行政行为的登记机关,登记机关不是该民事诉讼的当事人,自然其民事判决不对该登记机关具有约束力。因此,如先民事后行政诉讼,原告将承担因登记行为本身合法而导致当事人提起行政诉讼败诉的风险。(2)、有人认为,登记机关的抵押登记仅仅是依据抵押当事人提交的登记资料,履行其法律赋予的职能,而不是其作出的对行政相对人所作出的具有约束力的行政行为,因此不能对登记机关提起对抵押登记行为的行政诉讼。对于这两种情形,我国法律、司法解释均没有相应的规定,在审判实践中,这虽然是一个不易引起注意的实际问题,但一旦遭遇将十分棘手,这不能不说是我国诉讼法律制度中的一个尚未解决的审判实践问题。
  应当说,第(2)种情形,实际可依据《最高人民法院关于执行若干问题的解释》第一条规定加以解决:
  “公民、法人或者其他组织对具有国家行政职权的机关和组织及其工作人员的行政行为不服,依法提起诉讼的,属于人民法院行政诉讼的受案范围。
  公民、法人或者其他组织对下列行为不服提起诉讼的,不属于人民法院行政诉讼的受案范围:
  (一)行政诉讼法第十二条规定的行为;
  (二)公安、国家安全等机关依照刑事诉讼法的明确授权实施的行为;
  (三)调解行为以及法律规定的仲裁行为;
  (四)不具有强制力的行政指导行为;
  (五)驳回当事人对行政行为提起申诉的重复处理行为;
  (六)对公民、法人或者其他组织权利义务不产生实际影响的行为。”
理由:1)、可以认为最高人民法院的该部司法解释实际上将可以提起行政诉讼的具体行政行为的范围在《行政诉讼法》基础上进行了扩展,扩展为“具有国家行政职权的机关和组织及其工作人员的行政行为”,但仍不包括抽象行政行为。2)、抵押登记行为是抵押产生法律效力的法律程序与生效要件,其的存在必然对抵押当事人(公民、法人或者其他组织)权利义务产生实际影响,因此,根据该条第二款第(六)项规定,可以对抵押登记机关提起行政诉讼。

  5、抵押物的特定化登记原则:
  对于房地产抵押登记,不少的抵押人与抵押权人均忽视这一原则。对于商品房开发中的房屋所有权获得,一般是房屋产权登记机关在符合法定条件、房屋竣工验收后并由开发商履行相应的必备法定手续的条件下,按照房屋建筑的独立体(幢、栋、楼,即在建筑施工前、开发立项报建时已核定的房屋单位)发给开发商该幢建筑物的房屋所有权证,即俗称的“大产权”。在一个开发项目往往有若干个房屋“大产权证”。在设定抵押时,抵押人与抵押权人往往直接将一个或数个“大产权证”进行抵押与登记,而未将其按商品房的实际套为单位进行细化,即未特定化,这样的抵押登记是无效的。
  【问题】而对于土地使用权证,往往是按规划、征地、土地出让的项目由国土资源行政机关核发给一个土地使用权证。而土地使用权不具有同房屋所有权证那样的可分性,这就带来了一个与抵押物登记特定化的实际困难,这必然引出一个“土地使用权的某一部分能否设定抵押问题”。抵押时一般只能将这唯一的土地使用权证一次全部进行抵押登记,即使当事人不想这样做,但也无法实现。从民法上来看,抵押权乃是价值权,因此抵押物必须具有独立的价值并可以转让,才能够不妨碍抵押权的实现。所谓抵押物必须具有独立的价值,实际上是指抵押物具有交易上的价值,而并不一定指抵押物的物理上的独立性,抵押物虽不具有物理上独立性但却具有交易上的独立价值,这样在理论上、在法律上仍然是可以转让的。然而为了使某一财产在设定抵押后不影响第三人造成损害,某项财产设定抵押后必须登记。因此,某物能否作为抵押物,还要取决于能否进行登记,只要具有独立的交易价值并能够登记,就可以成为抵押物。就土地使用权的某一部分来说,如果确定四至范围、具有交易价值并可以登记,当然可与整块土地分离而成为抵押的标的。但是对耕地、宅基地、自留地等集体所有的土地使用权,因不能转让,不具有独立的交易价值,所以不能成为独立的抵押标的。让土地使用权的某一部分可以进行设定抵押,这是一个立法趋向问题,也许不远的将来在抵押登记制度上是可行的,但目前尚无法实现或者说实现起来比较困难。
  案例,某房屋开发商依法获得了一个项目的划拨国有土地使用权,但在开发过程中,该开发商因不能及时支付该土地开发的农民拆迁安置费、土地青苗损失补偿费的部分款项,后由当地政府起诉,法院判决,将这个项目土地中的一块划出的方式解决了此纠纷。按此原理,将该项目土地中的一块设置抵押也应当是可以的。这是实际操作中的具体做法。

Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)

State Food and Drug Administration General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China


Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)




(SFDA Decree No. 25)

The Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim), adopted by the State Food and Drug Administration, the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China and the General Administration of Sport of China, is hereby promulgated in the decree sequence number of the State Food and Drug Administration and shall come into force as of September 1, 2006.


Shao Mingli
Commissioner
State Food and Drug Administration

Mou Xinsheng
Minister
General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China

Liu Peng
Minister
General Administration of Sport of China
July 28, 2006





Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)


Article 1 The Provisions are formulated with a view to standardizing the administration of import and export of anabolic agents and peptide hormones in accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China, Customs Law of People's Republic of China, Anti-doping Regulations and other relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 2 The State adopts license control on the import and export of anabolic agents and peptide hormones.

Article 3 The importer shall apply for the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones to the State Food and Drug Administration.

Article 4 For the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for medical purpose, the importers shall submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Import;
(2) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form;
(3) Copy of the Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate);
(4) Copy of the Drug Supply Certificate, Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the importer; to import drug substance and intermediate preparations including preparations to be repackaged in China for their own needs, drug manufacturers shall submit copies of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate, Corporate Business License and Organization Code Certificate;
(5) Where holders of the Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) entrust other companies to export their drugs, they shall provide the authorization letter for export.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 5 For the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for teaching and scientific research purposes, the importers shall submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Import;
(2) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form;
(3) Certificates of legitimate qualifications of users in China, calculation basis for the quantity of the drug in use and letter of guarantee issued by the user for legitimate use and management of the drug;
(4) Approval documents for relevant scientific research projects or approval documents of relevant competent authority;
(5) Where entrusted by users for importation, importers shall provide copies of the authorization agreement, the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the importers.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 6 Where a enterprise in China entrusted by an overseas enterprise for contract manufacturing needs to import anabolic agents and peptide hormones, it shall provide materials required in Items (1), (3) and (5) of Paragraph 1 of Article 5, in addition, official documents to prove recorded by the local (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 7 The State Food and Drug Administration shall decide whether or not to approve the import within 15 working days after receiving the application for import and the relevant materials. Where the application is approved, the State Food and Drug Administration shall issue the Import License for the drug; where the application is not approved, the State Food and Drug Administration shall give reasons in writing.

Article 8 The importer may declare to the customs of the ports where drug importation is permitted upon presenting the Import License for the drug issued by the State Food and Drug Administration. The customs shall clear the drug in the presence of the Import License for the drug.
The Drug Import Note is not required for import of anabolic agents and peptide hormones.

Article 9 To import anabolic agents and peptide hormones including those sold in China for the first time for medical purpose, the importer shall fill in the Import Drug Clearance Form timely after going through the import formalities and submit the following materials in duplicate to the (food and) drug regulatory department where the port of entry is located, upon presenting the original Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the original Import License for the drug, to apply for the Notice of Import Drug Port Test:
(1) Copies of the Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the Import License for the drug;
(2) Copies of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate or Drug Supply Certificate, and Copy of the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person.
(3) Copy of the certificate of origin;
(4) Copy of the purchasing contract;
(5) Copies of packing list, bill of lading and freight invoice;
(6) Copy of the certificate of analysis;
(7) Format of drug insert sheet, package and label (except for drug substance and intermediate preparation);

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 10 After checking the received Import Drug Clearance Form and relevant materials, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall return the original Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the original Import License for the drug to the importer, and send the Notice of Import Drug Port Test, along with a copy of the dossier as prescribed in Article 9 of the Provisions, to the port drug testing institute on the same day.

After receiving the Notice of Import Drug Port Test, the port drug testing institute shall contact the importer within two working days and conduct sampling on the storage site. Upon the completion of the sampling, the mark “sampled” shall be stamped on the back of the first page of the original Import License for the drug, with the seal of sampling institute affixed.

Article 11 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones imported for teaching and research purposes or for the domestic manufacturing contracted by overseas enterprises are exempted from testing.

Article 12 The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall report timely to the State Food and Drug Administration in any of the following circumstances:
(1) The port (food and) drug regulatory department refuses to issue the Notice of Import Drug Port Test in accordance with the provisions in Article 17 of the Provisions for Import Drug (Decree No. 4 of the State Food and Drug Administration and the General Administration of Customs);
(2) The port (food and) drug testing institute refuses the sampling in accordance with the requirements in Article 25 of the Provisions for Import Drug.

The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall take mandatory administrative measures to seal up or seize all the imported drugs within the situations prescribed in the previous paragraph. It shall make the decision of allowing shipping back within seven days from the date of the seal-up or seizure, and inform the importer of applying for the Export License for the drug according to the export procedures for anabolic agents and peptide hormones prescribed in the Provisions and return all the import drugs to the original exporting country.

Where the importer fails to respond or make clear its intention to ship back the drugs within ten days after being informed of the decision, the sealed up or seized drugs shall be destroyed under the supervision of the port (food and) drug regulatory department.

Article 13 For imported anabolic agents and peptide hormones out of specifications upon testing by the port drug testing institute, the importer shall provide a detailed report about the distribution and use of all the imported drugs to the port (food and) drug regulatory department where the importer is located within two days after receiving the Import Drug Test Report.

After receiving the Import Drug Test Report, the port (food and) drug regulatory departments shall take mandatory administrative measures to timely seal up or seize all the drugs and, within seven days, decide whether or not to place the case on file.

Where the importer fails to apply for a retesting within the specified timeline or the result of the retesting is still out of specifications, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall make the decision of allowing shipping back and notify the importer to apply for the Export License for the drug according to export procedures for anabolic agents and peptide hormones prescribed in the Provisions to return all the imported drugs to the original exporting country. Where the importer fails to respond or make clear its intention to ship back the drugs within ten days from the date of receiving the decision, the drugs shall be destroyed under the supervision of the port (food and) drug regulatory department.

Where the result of retesting is in compliance with the specifications, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall remove the mandatory administrative measures of seal-up and seizure.

The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall handle the case according to the provisions in Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4 of this Article and report the result to the State Food and Drug Administration, and, at the same time, notify the (food and) drug regulatory departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government as well as other port (food and) drug regulatory departments.

Article 14 Where domestic drug manufacturers, distributors and medical institutions purchase imported anabolic agents and peptide hormones, the supplier shall provide copies of the Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License), the Import License for the drug and the Import Drug Test Report, and affix its official seal to the abovementioned copies.

Article 15 The exporter shall apply for exportation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones to the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government, where it is located, and submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Export;
(2) Original import permit (or its copy with notarization) provided by the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region.
If the importing country or region has no license system in the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones, the exporter shall provide the official document (original) of the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region to prove that the import of the drugs of this type is exempted from the import permit, along with one of the following documents:
a. Original official document (or its copy with notarization) granting import provided by the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region;
b. Certificates of legitimate qualifications of importers and original supporting document (or its copy with notarization) proving legitimate use of the drug;
(3) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form (except for manufacturers that export their own products);
(4) Copy of the export contract or order form;
(5) Where the export drug is an approved one produced by a domestic manufacturer, the Drug Manufacturing Certificate and Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person of the manufacturer and a copy of the approval document of the drug shall be provided;
Where the export drug is produced by a domestic enterprise under contract of an overseas enterprise, the exporter shall provide a copy of the official document to prove recorded by the local (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government.
(6) Copies of the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the exporter.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the exporter.

Article 16 Where the drugs are to be shipped back in accordance with the requirements in Article 12 and Article 13 of the Provisions, the exporter shall provide the following materials to apply for the Export License for the drug:
(1) Documents proving the request for return of goods made by the original exporter of the exporting country;
(2) Import License for the drug.

Article 17 The (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government shall decide whether or not to approve the export within 15 working days after receiving the export application and relevant materials.

Where the application is approved, the regulatory department shall issue the Export License for the drug; where the application is not approved, the regulatory department shall give reasons in writing.

Where the Export License for the drug is applied for in accordance with the requirements in Article 16 of the Provisions, the issuing authority shall mark “return of the original goods” on the Export License for the drug.

Article 18 The exporter may go through the customs formalities upon presenting the Export License for the drug issued by the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government. The customs shall clear the drug in the presence of the Export License for the drug.

Article 19 The importer and exporter shall provide one more sheet of customs declaration form and apply for sign-back of the sheet when going through the customs formalities. The customs shall stamp the “proof seal” on the sheet in the presence of the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug. The customs shall charge the cost according to the relevant regulations for issuing certificates.

The importer and exporter shall return the first sheet of the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug along with the customs declaration form with the seal of the customs, to the issuing regulatory department within one month after completing the import and export.

Where the importer or exporter conducts no relevant importation or exportation after obtaining the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug, the importer or exporter shall return the original license to the issuing regulatory department within one month after expiration of the license.

Article 20 The validation of the Import License for the drug is one year; the validation of the Export License for the drug is no more than three months (valid within the calendar year).

“One license for one customs clearance” is implemented for the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug. The license shall be used only once within the validation and its content shall not be altered. Where the import or export is postponed for some reasons, the importer or exporter may request for a new license once with the original one.

Article 21 Where the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug is lost, the importer or exporter shall report the loss to the original issuing authority in writing immediately. After receiving the loss report, the original issuing authority shall notify the port customs and reissue the license if no harmful consequences are found through confirmation.

Article 22 The Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug are uniformly printed by the State Food and Drug Administration.

Article 23 Where anabolic agents and peptide hormones are imported or exported in the form of processing trade, the customs shall go through and supervise the clearance formalities upon presentation of the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug. Those not exported for special reasons shall be transferred to and handled by the local (food and) drug regulatory department in accordance with relevant regulations, and the customs shall conduct the verification and cancellation procedures in the presence of relevant documents.

Article 24 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering or leaving between bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas, Customs bonded and controlling areas, with overseas, or between the special Customs controlling areas and the Customs bonded and controlling areas are exempt from application for the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug, and supervised by the Customs.

Import License for the drug shall be applied for anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering from bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas and Customs bonded and controlling areas into other places in China.

Export License for the drug shall be applied for anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas and Customs bonded and controlling areas from other places of China.

Article 25 Where an individual carries or mails anabolic agents and peptide hormones, within a reasonable amount, into or out of China for medical needs, the customs shall clear the drugs in the presence of prescriptions of medical institutions in accordance with relevant regulations on prescriptions of the competent health department.

Article 26 Besides prescribed in the Provisions, the importation, port test, supervision and control of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for medical purpose are implemented with reference to requirements related to drug importation in the Provisions for Drug Importation.

Article 27 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones imported for medical purpose mentioned in the Provisions refer to the import anabolic agents and peptide hormones to be used for preparation production or to be marketed in China.

Importer refers to the importer specified on the Import License for the drug obtained in accordance with the Provisions.

Exporter refers to the exporter specified on the Export License for the drug obtained in accordance with the Provisions.

Article 28 These Provisions shall go into effect as of September 1, 2006. The Notice on Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Guo Shi Yao Jian An [2004] No. 474) issued by the State Food and Drug Administration on September 30, 2004 shall be annulled therefrom.


住房城乡建设部关于批准《建筑幕墙通用技术要求及构造》等23项国家建筑标准设计的通知

住房和城乡建设部


住房城乡建设部关于批准《建筑幕墙通用技术要求及构造》等23项国家建筑标准设计的通知

建质[2013]113号


  

各省、自治区住房城乡建设厅,直辖市建委(建交委、规划委)及有关部门,新疆生产建设兵团建设局,总后基建营房部工程局,国务院有关部门建设司:

  经审查,批准由中国建筑标准设计研究院等15个单位编制的《建筑幕墙通用技术要求及构造》等23项标准设计为国家建筑标准设计,自2013年9月1日起实施。原《铝合金玻璃幕墙》(97J103-1)、《点支式玻璃幕墙》(03J103-2)、《全玻璃幕墙》(03J103-3)、《铝合金单板(框架)幕墙》(03J103-4)、《铝塑复合板(框架)幕墙》(03J103-5)、《蜂窝结构(框架)、单元幕墙》(03J103-6)、《石材(框架)幕墙》(03J103-7)、《内装修—室内(楼)地面及其它装修构造》(03J502-3)、《<建筑设计防火规范>图示》(05SJ811)、《<高层民用建筑设计防火规范>图示》(06SJ812)、《G101系列图集施工常见问题答疑图解》(08G101-11)、《钢筋混凝土过梁》(03G322-1~4)、《室外消火栓安装》(01S201)、《室外消火栓安装》(07MS101-1)标准设计同时废止。

  附件:国家建筑标准设计名称及编号表


                               中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部
                                   2013年7月23日






附件下载: 1、 国家建筑标准设计名称及编号表

http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/zcfg/jsbwj_0/jsbwjgczl/201307/W020130731103337.doc